Opioid Risk Tool, in-hospital opioid exposure, and opioid demand predict pain outcomes following traumatic injury.

Prescribed opioids are a mainstay pain treatment after traumatic injury, but a subgroup of patients may be at risk for continued opioid use. We evaluated the predictive utility of a traditional screening tool, the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT), and two other measures: average in-hospital milligram morphine equivalents (MME) per day and an assessment of opioid demand in predicting pain outcomes. Assessments of pain-related outcomes (pain intensity, interference, injury-related stress, and need for additional pain treatment) were administered at 2 weeks and 12 months post-discharge in a sample of 34 patients hospitalized for traumatic injury. Bayesian linear models were used to evaluate changes in responses over time as a function of predictors. High-risk ORT, higher MME per day, and greater opioid demand predicted less change in outcomes over time. This report provides first evidence that malleable factors of opioid and opioid demand have utility in predicting pain outcomes following traumatic injury.

Deep sequencing of candidate genes identified 14 variants associated with smoking abstinence in an ethnically diverse sample.

Despite the large public health toll of smoking, genetic studies of smoking cessation have been limited with few discoveries of risk or protective loci. We investigated common and rare variant associations with success in quitting smoking using a cohort from 8 randomized controlled trials involving 2231 participants and a total of 10,020 common and 24,147 rare variants. We identified 14 novel markers including 6 mapping to genes previously related to psychiatric and substance use disorders, 4 of which were protective (CYP2B6 (rs1175607105), HTR3B (rs1413172952; rs1204720503), rs80210037 on chr15), and 2 of which were associated with reduced cessation (PARP15 (rs2173763), SCL18A2 (rs363222)). The others mapped to areas associated with cancer including FOXP1 (rs1288980) and ZEB1 (rs7349). Network analysis identified significant canonical pathways for the serotonin receptor signaling pathway, nicotine and bupropion metabolism, and several related to tumor suppression. Two novel markers (rs6749438; rs6718083) on chr2 are flanked by genes associated with regulation of bodyweight. The identification of novel loci in this study can provide new targets of pharmacotherapy and inform efforts to develop personalized treatments based on genetic profiles.

Contingency management plus acceptance and commitment therapy for initial cocaine abstinence: Results of a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART).

BACKGROUND: This study tested an adaptive intervention for optimizing abstinence outcomes over phases of treatment for cocaine use disorder using a SMART design. Phase 1 assessed whether 4 weeks of contingency management (CM) improved response with the addition of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Phase 2 assessed pharmacological augmentation with modafinil (MOD) vs. placebo (PLA) for individuals not achieving abstinence during Phase 1. METHOD: For Phase 1 of treatment, participants (N=118) were randomly allocated to ACT+CM or Drug Counseling (DC+CM), the comparison condition. At week 4, treatment response was defined as the submission of six consecutive cocaine-negative urine drug screens (UDS). Phase 1 non-responders were re-randomized to MOD or PLA as adjunct to their initial treatment. Phase 1 responders continued receiving their initial treatment. Primary outcomes included response rate and proportion of cocaine-negative UDS for Phase 1 and 2. Analyses used Bayesian inference with 80% pre-specified as the posterior probability (PP) threshold constituting moderate evidence that an effect exists. RESULTS: Phase 1 response was higher in the ACT+CM group (24.5%) compared to the DC+CM group (17.5%; PP = 84.5%). In Phase 2, the proportion of cocaine-negative UDS among Phase 1 responders did not differ by initial treatment (PP = 61.8%) but remained higher overall compared to Phase 1 non-responders (PPs > 99%). No evidence of an effect favoring augmentation with MOD was observed. DISCUSSION: Adding ACT to CM increased abstinence initiation. Initial responders were more likely to remain abstinent compared to initial non-responders, for whom modafinil was not an effective pharmacotherapy augmentation strategy.

Comparable cigarette consumption data collected using timeline follow-back and digital diary among treatment-seeking smokers.

OBJECTIVE: The timeline follow-back interview is a common method of collecting daily cigarette consumption (cigarettes per day [CPD]) in smoking research. However, it may be subject to recall bias due to its reliance on retrospective reports. The increasing ownership of smartphones allows researchers to administer app-based digital diaries (DD) to collect CPD, which is expected to have less recall bias. Several studies have compared these two methods and found a noticeable discrepancy between them. However, these studies have mainly focused on the time window when smokers were smoking ad libitum. In this study, we wanted to determine the comparability of these two methods when treatment-seeking smokers are attempting to quit smoking. METHOD: In a cessation trial, treatment-seeking smokers (n = 251) reported their CPD using the timeline follow-back and DD methods over a 12-week treatment period. To evaluate the comparability, we used the Bland-Altman comparison approach for agreement, correlational analysis between CPD and biochemical measures, digit bias, and logistic regression for predicting abstinence. RESULTS: We found that the two methods exhibited good agreement, and the agreement did not vary as a function of consumption levels. Consistent with this agreement, CPD data from both methods showed similar correlations with biochemical measures of smoking and predicted 6-month abstinence in a comparable fashion. Despite the agreement, the DD method appeared to be more precise by having a lower digit bias than the timeline follow-back method. CONCLUSIONS: Capturing smoking behavior using either TLFB or DD approaches yields similar data while smokers are attempting to quit smoking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Use of term reference infants in assessing the developmental outcome of extremely preterm infants: lessons learned in a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: Extremely preterm (EP) impairment rates are likely underestimated using the Bayley III norm-based thresholds scores and may be better assessed relative to concurrent healthy term reference (TR) infants born in the same hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, certified examiners in the Neonatal Research Network (NRN) evaluated EP survivors and a sample of healthy TR infants recruited near the 2-year assessment age. RESULTS: We assessed 1452 EP infants and 183 TR infants. TR-based thresholds showed higher overall EP impairment than Bayley norm-based thresholds (O.R. = 1.86; [95% CI 1.56-2.23], especially for severe impairment (36% vs. 24%; p ≤ 0.001). Difficulty recruiting TR patients at 2 years extended the study by 14 months and affected their demographics. CONCLUSION: Impairment rates among EP infants appear to be substantially underestimated from Bayley III norms. These rates may be best assessed by comparison with healthy term infants followed with minimal attrition from birth in the same centers. GOV ID: Term Reference (under the Generic Database Study): NCT00063063.

Deficits in consummatory reward relate to severity of cocaine use.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Identifying modifiable neuropsychological factors associated with more severe CUD could improve CUD treatment. Impairments in processing of non-drug rewards may be one such factor. This study assessed the relationship between reward functioning and cocaine use severity using multi-modal measures of three distinct reward functions: consummatory reward (pleasure or "liking"); motivational reward ("wanting") and reward learning. METHODS: Fifty-three adults with at least moderate CUD completed self-report and behavioral measures of consummatory reward, motivational reward and reward learning, and a composite cocaine use severity measure including quantity, frequency and life impacts of cocaine use. We conducted parallel Frequentist and Bayesian multiple regressions with measures of reward functioning as predictors of cocaine use severity. RESULTS: Less self-reported ability to experience pleasure, a hypothesized measure of consummatory reward, significantly predicted greater severity after adjustment for covariates and multiple hypothesis testing, ß = 0.39, t(38) = 2.86, p = 0.007. Bayesian analyses confirmed a highly likely association between severity and ability to experience pleasure, and provided moderate evidence for associations with willingness to exert effort and reward learning. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that less experience of subjective pleasure is related to greater cocaine use severity. This cross-sectional study cannot establish whether differences in consummatory reward are pre-existing, a result of CUD, or both. However, these results suggest interventions focused on increasing subjective pleasure, such as mindful "savoring", should be investigated for CUD.

Assessing cocaine motivational value: Comparison of brain reactivity bias toward cocaine cues and cocaine demand.

The behavioral economic measure drug demand and the neural measure late positive potential (LPP) are two measures of motivational value that have been associated with drug relapse risk and treatment outcomes. Despite having overlapping themes, no studies have directly compared drug demand and LPP. Participants (N = 59) included treatment-seeking individuals with cocaine use disorder that had completed both a baseline cocaine demand task and an electroencephalogram (EEG) picture-viewing task of drug-related and pleasant picture cues. Associations between the LPP difference score amplitude (drug-pleasant) and five demand indices (Q0, essential value [EV], Omax, Pmax, and breakpoint [BP]) were evaluated via Bayesian generalized linear modeling. Positive associations (posterior probabilities ≥ 75%) were found between LPP amplitude and four demand indices (Q0, EV, Omax, BP). These results suggest that individuals who attach greater relevance to cocaine cues also exhibit greater valuation of cocaine reward. Implications for incorporating methodology from behavioral science and brain imaging are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Early pain, stress, and opioid use following traumatic injury.

OBJECTIVE: Prescription opioids are an effective pain treatment strategy but can lead to long-term opioid misuse. Identifying at risk patients during hospitalization can inform the development of prevention interventions post-discharge. Using the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) as a screening measure, this study predicted factors associated with pain and opioid use at 2 weeks post-discharge in trauma patients. DESIGN: A quality improvement prospective study design was used. SETTING: Participant recruitment took place at an inpatient Level 1 trauma center in Houston, Texas. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (n = 103) were patients admitted to the adult trauma service. Patients completed the ORT in the hospital and a survey at 2 weeks post-discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The survey assessed pain intensity and interference, injury-related stress, medication use, and need for additional pain treatment. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test, the Spearman rank-order correlation, and chisquare test of independence tested the ORT as a predictor of follow-up outcomes. Post hoc analyses relied on logistic and quantile regression. RESULTS: The ORT identified 15.5 percent of patients at high risk for opioid-related aberrant behavior. Survey results indicated high percentages of patients reporting moderate to severe pain (79.6 percent), pain interference (77.9 percent), taking pain pills (59.6 percent), experiencing stress (76.9 percent), and needing pain treatment (52.4 percent). The ORT predicted injury-related stress with the high-risk category having higher stress levels than low risk (Z = 2.518, p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Risk of opioid misuse assessed in hospitalized trauma patients was associated with injury-related stress reported post-discharge. This highlights the importance of including stress assessments in follow-up appointments.

Distress tolerance: prospective associations with cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in adults with posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders.

74Distress tolerance (DT; perceived or actual ability to tolerate aversive physical or emotional states) is related to both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance use disorders (SUD). This investigation evaluates self-report and behavioral measures of DT as potential predictors of PTSD and SUD cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes. Participants included 41 treatment-seeking adults (53.7% women; 73.2% African American; Mage = 44.90, SD = 9.68) who met at least four symptoms of DSM-5 PTSD and DSM-IV substance dependence, assessed via structured interviews. At baseline (pre-treatment), participants completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), Mirror-Tracing Persistence Task (MTPT), Breath Holding task, and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 severity scores and percent days of primary substance use, measured via Timeline Follow-back, were used as indicators of PTSD symptoms and substance use, respectively. Covariates included treatment condition, baseline PTSD symptom severity, and baseline substance use. Lower perceived DT at baseline (DTS total score) was associated with higher PTSD symptom severity at end-of-treatment. Lower behavioral DT at baseline (MTPT duration) was associated with higher substance use at the conclusion of treatment (i.e. proportion of number of use days to total number of days between two final treatment sessions).

Nonjudgmental acceptance: Associations with substance-related cue reactivity in adults with substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress.

The present investigation examined the predictive utility of nonjudgmental acceptance, a facet of mindfulness defined as the ability to remain aware and nonevaluative about internal experience, in terms of substance-related cue reactivity among adults with substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. We hypothesized that higher nonjudgmental acceptance, indexed via self-report, would predict higher levels of self-reported control over oneself and safety 'in the moment', broadly, and lower levels of substance-related craving in response to substance script cues. Effects were expected after subtracting reactivity to neutral script cues from each outcome rating. PTS severity was included as a covariate. The sample was comprised of 53 adults (48.1% women; 75.9% African American; 74.1% with past-month PTSD) with substance dependence per DSM-IV and at least four symptoms of PTSD per DSM-5. Higher baseline nonjudgmental acceptance predicted greater safety and control in response to substance cues; no effects were found for craving. These experimental laboratory results elucidate the potential clinical utility of mindfulness-based interventions in bolstering recovery from addiction among adults with SUD/PTS by fostering safety and control in response to substance cues.

Childhood maltreatment, subjective social status, and health disparities in bereavement.

BACKGROUND: Spousal bereavement can lead to adverse health outcomes; however, not all widow(er)s experience the same degree of health problems. Thus, it is important to understand the contribution of disparities (e.g., childhood maltreatment and subjective social status) that may underlie adverse health outcomes that arise following bereavement. METHODS: We collected data from 130 spousally bereaved individuals at 3-time points (3 months post-loss, 4 months post-loss, and 6 months post-loss). Using mixed models, we assessed the interaction of childhood maltreatment, subjective social status, and time to predict changes in proinflammatory cytokine production, depressive symptoms, grief symptoms. RESULTS: We found a significant interaction between childhood maltreatment, subjective social status, and time predicting proinflammatory cytokine production (beta > -0.01, p = 0.048), depressive symptoms (beta = 0.008, p = .010), and grief symptoms (beta = 0.001 p = .001). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the role of disparities related to childhood maltreatment and subjective social status on adverse health outcomes following spousal bereavement.

Identification of an optimal dose of intravenous ketamine for late-life treatment-resistant depression: a Bayesian adaptive randomization trial.

Evidence supporting specific therapies for late-life treatment-resistant depression (LL-TRD) is necessary. This study used Bayesian adaptive randomization to determine the optimal dose for the probability of treatment response (≥50% improvement from baseline on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) 7 days after a 40 min intravenous (IV) infusion of ketamine 0.1 mg/kg (KET 0.1), 0.25 mg/kg (KET 0.25), or 0.5 mg/kg (KET 0.5), compared to midazolam 0.03 mg/kg (MID) as an active placebo. The goal of this study was to identify the best dose to carry forward into a larger clinical trial. Response durability at day 28, safety and tolerability, and effects on cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio using resting electroencephalography gamma and alpha power, were also determined. Thirty-three medication-free US military veterans (mean age 62; range: 55-72; 10 female) with LL-TRD were randomized double-blind. The trial was terminated when dose superiority was established. All interventions were safe and well-tolerated. Pre-specified decision rules terminated KET 0.1 (N = 4) and KET 0.25 (N = 5) for inferiority. Posterior probability was 0.89 that day-seven treatment response was superior for KET 0.5 (N = 11; response rate = 70%) compared to MID (N = 13; response rate = 46%). Persistent treatment response at day 28 was superior for KET 0.5 (response rate = 82%) compared to MID (response rate = 37%). KET 0.5 had high posterior probability of increased frontal gamma power (posterior probability = 0.99) and decreased posterior alpha power (0.89) during infusion, suggesting an acute increase in E/I ratio. These results suggest that 0.5 mg/kg is an effective initial IV ketamine dose in LL-TRD, although further studies in individuals older than 75 are required.

Utility of a brief assessment of opioid demand among post-discharge trauma care patients.

Opioid misuse and opioid-related death are a growing public health concern. One population of interest is recent trauma and/or surgery patients, who are at increased risk of developing an opioid use disorder (OUD). Although a variety of assessments have been developed to screen for risk of opioid misuse, each has limitations and prediction needs improvement. One promising measure is drug demand, a behavioral economic measure assessing drug consumption at different price points. In the current proposal, we assessed the utility of a brief assessment of opioid demand. Demand and various pain-related self-report measures among trauma-surgery patients (N = 103) were assessed at 4 weeks post-discharge. Opioid demand was significantly associated with self-report measures of pain and amount of morphine milligram equivalents (MME) received during the hospital stay. The current result support the utility of the opioid demand as an adjunctive and complementary measure to assess risk of opioid misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Electrophysiological responses to emotional and cocaine cues reveal individual neuroaffective profiles in cocaine users.

Smokers with stronger neuroaffective responses to drug-related cues compared to nondrug-related pleasant images (C > P) are more vulnerable to compulsive smoking than individuals with the opposite brain reactivity profile (P > C). However, it is unknown if these neurobehavioral profiles exist in individuals abusing other drugs. We tested whether individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) show similar neuroaffective profiles to smokers. We also monitored eye movements to assess attentional bias toward cues and we further performed exploratory analyses on demographics, personality, and drug use between profiles. Participants with CUD (n = 43) viewed pleasant, unpleasant, cocaine, and neutral images while we recorded electroencephalogram. For each picture category, we computed the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential component that reflects motivational relevance. k-means clustering classified participants based on their LPP responses. In line with what has been observed in smokers, clustering participants using LPP responses revealed the presence of two groups: one with larger LPPs to pleasant images compared to cocaine images (P > C) and one group with larger LPPs to cocaine images compared to pleasant images (C > P). Individuals with the C > P reactivity profile also had higher attentional bias toward drug cues. The two groups did not differ on demographic and drug use characteristics, however individuals with the C > P profile reported lower distress tolerance, higher anhedonia, and higher posttraumatic stress symptoms compared to the P > C group. This is the first study to report the presence of these neuroaffective profiles in individuals with CUD, indicating that this pattern may cut across addiction populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Citalopram for treatment of cocaine use disorder: A Bayesian drop-the-loser randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Medication development research for cocaine use disorder (CUD) has been a longstanding goal in addiction research, but has not resulted in an FDA-approved treatment. Rising cocaine use rates underscore the need for efficient adaptive designs. This study compared differences between two doses of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram (versus placebo) on duration of cocaine abstinence and applied adaptive decision rules to select the 'best efficacy' dose. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized Bayesian drop-the-loser (DTL) trial with three arms compared placebo to citalopram 20 mg and 40 mg. Adults (N = 107) with CUD attended thrice-weekly clinic visits for 9 weeks. The primary outcome was longest duration of abstinence (LDA), based on continuous cocaine-negative urine drug screens (UDS). The secondary outcome was probability of cocaine-negative UDS during treatment. A planned interim analysis performed at approximately 50% of recruitment dropped the least-effective active medication. Bayesian inference was used for all analyses with a pre-specified posterior probability (PP) threshold PP ≥ 95% considered statistically reliable evidence RESULTS: Citalopram 40 mg satisfied interim efficacy criteria and was retained for the second half of the trial. For LDA, analyses indicated PP = 82% and PP = 65% of benefit for 40 mg and 20 mg, respectively (each relative to placebo). The odds of having cocaine-negative UDS decreased in all groups over 9 weeks but remained higher for 40 mg (PP = 97.4%) CONCLUSIONS: Neither dose met the 95% PP threshold for the primary outcome; however, 40 mg provided moderate-to-strong evidence for positive effects on LDA and cocaine-negative UDS. The 40 mg dose was declared the "winner" in this DTL trial.

Targeting white matter neuroprotection as a relapse prevention strategy for treatment of cocaine use disorder: Design of a mechanism-focused randomized clinical trial.

Cocaine use continues to be a significant public health problem with limited treatment options and no approved pharmacotherapies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) remains the mainstay treatment for preventing relapse, however, people with chronic cocaine use display cognitive impairments that are associated with poor response to CBT. Emerging evidence in animal and human studies suggests that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR- γ) agonist, pioglitazone, improves white matter integrity that is essential for cognitive function. This project will determine whether adjunctive use of pioglitazone enhances the effect of CBT in preventing relapse during the early phase of recovery from cocaine use disorder. This paper describes the design of a mechanism-focused phase 2 randomized clinical trial that aims first to evaluate the effects of pioglitazone on targeted mechanisms related to white matter integrity, cognitive function, and cocaine craving; and second, to evaluate the extent to which improvements on target mechanisms predict CBT response. Positive results will support pioglitazone as a potential cognitive enhancing agent to advance to later stage medication development research.

Posttraumatic stress symptom clusters differentially predict late positive potential to cocaine imagery cues in trauma-exposed adults with cocaine use disorder.

BACKGROUND: While studies have investigated the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on substance use, information on these associations in the context of drug cue reactivity is lacking, which can provide meaningful information about risk for relapse. The current study assessed the associations between PTSD symptom clusters and reactivity to cues in trauma-exposed adults with cocaine use disorder. METHODS: We recorded electroencephalogram on 52 trauma-exposed participants (Mage = 51.3; SD = 7.0; 15.4 % women) diagnosed with cocaine use disorder while they viewed pleasant (i.e., erotic, romantic, sweet foods), unpleasant (i.e., mutilations, violence, accidents), neutral, and cocaine-related images. Reactivity was measured with the late positive potential (LPP), an indicator of motivational relevance. It was hypothesized that individuals with greater PTSD avoidance and negative alterations in cognition and mood (NACM) symptoms, as determined by the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), would have higher LPPs to cocaine-related images, indicating greater cue reactivity. RESULTS: Linear mixed modeling indicated that higher NACM symptomatology was associated with higher LPPs to cocaine cues and higher arousal/reactivity was associated with lower LPPs to cocaine cues. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the potential clinical utility of the LPP in assessing drug cue reactivity in trauma-exposed adults with substance use disorder.

Neurophysiological and clinical effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist lanicemine (BHV-5500) in PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hyperarousal and stress reactivity, features consistent with behavioral sensitization. In this Phase 1b, parallel-arm, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we tested whether the selective low-trapping N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist [Lanicemine (BHV-5500)] blocks expression of behavioral sensitization. METHODS: Twenty-four participants with elevated anxiety potentiated startle (APS) and moderate-to-severe PTSD symptoms received three infusions of lanicemine 1.0 mg/ml (100 mg) or matching placebo (0.9% saline) (1:1 ratio), over a 5-day period. The primary outcome was change in APS from baseline to end of third infusion. We also examined changes in EEG gamma-band oscillatory activity as measures of NMDAR target engagement and explored Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) hyperarousal scores. RESULTS: Lanicemine was safe and well-tolerated with no serious adverse events. Using Bayesian statistical inference, the posterior probability that lanicemine outperformed placebo on APS T-score after three infusions was 38%. However, after the first infusion, there was a 90% chance that lanicemine outperformed placebo in attenuating APS T-score by a standardized effect size more than 0.4. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated successful occupancy of lanicemine on NMDAR using gamma-band EEG and effects on hyperarousal symptoms (Cohen's d = 0.75). While lanicemine strongly attenuated APS following a single infusion, differential changes from placebo after three infusions was likely obscured by habituation effects. To our knowledge, this is the first use of APS in the context of an experimental medicine trial of a NMDAR antagonist in PTSD. These findings support selective NMDAR antagonism as a viable pharmacological strategy for salient aspects of PTSD.

The effects of combination levodopa-ropinirole on cognitive improvement and treatment outcome in individuals with cocaine use disorder: A bayesian mediation analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic cocaine users show impairments in cognitive processes associated with dopamine (DA) circuitry. Medications aimed at bolstering cognitive functions via DA modulation might enhance treatment outcome. METHODS: The trial used a double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group design with four treatment arms comparing placebo (PLC) to levodopa/carbidopa 800 mg/200 mg alone (LR0), levodopa plus extended release (XR) ropinirole 2 mg (LR2) or XR ropinirole 4 mg (LR4). Adults (n = 110) with cocaine use disorder attended thrice weekly clinic visits for 10 weeks. Potential cognitive mediators assessed at week 5 consisted of measures of decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task, Risky Decision-Making Task), attention/impulsivity (Immediate Memory Task), motivation (Progressive Ratio task), and cognitive control (Cocaine Stoop task). The primary outcome measure was the treatment effectiveness score (TES) calculated as the number of cocaine-negative urines collected from weeks 6-10. RESULTS: Bayesian mediation examined indirect and total effects of the relationships between each active treatment (compared to PLC) and TES. Total (direct) effects were supported for LR0 and LR2, but not for LR4. Indirect effects were tested for each mediator. Notably, 22.3 % and 35.4 % of the total effects of LR0 and LR2 on TES were mediated by changes in attention/impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesized mediation effect was strongest for levodopa plus 2 mg ropinirole, indicating that this DA medication combination predicted change (improvement) in attention/impulsivity, which in turn predicted change (reduction) in cocaine use. This finding provides modest support for cognitive enhancement as a target for medications to treat cocaine use disorder.

Exenatide Adjunct to Nicotine Patch Facilitates Smoking Cessation and May Reduce Post-Cessation Weight Gain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Approved pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation are modestly effective, underscoring the need for improved pharmacotherapies. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists attenuate the rewarding effects of nicotine in preclinical studies. We examined the efficacy of extended-release exenatide, a GLP-1R agonist, combined with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT, patch) for smoking cessation, craving, and withdrawal symptoms, with post-cessation body weight as a secondary outcome. METHODS: Eighty-four prediabetic and/or overweight smokers were randomized (1 : 1) to once-weekly placebo or exenatide, 2 mg, subcutaneously. All participants received NRT (21 mg) and brief smoking cessation counseling. Seven-day point prevalence abstinence (expired CO level ≤5 ppm), craving, withdrawal, and post-cessation body weight were assessed following 6 weeks of treatment. A Bayesian approach for analyzing generalized linear models yielded posterior probabilities (PP) to quantify the evidence favoring hypothesized effects of treatment on the study outcomes. RESULTS: Exenatide increased the risk for smoking abstinence compared to placebo (46.3% and 26.8%, respectively), (risk ratio [RR] = 1.70; 95% credible interval = [0.96, 3.27]; PP = 96.5%). Exenatide reduced end-of-treatment craving in the overall sample and withdrawal among abstainers. Post-cessation body weight was 5.6 pounds lower in the exenatide group compared to placebo (PP = 97.4%). Adverse events were reported in 9.5% and 2.3% of participants in the exenatide and placebo groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Exenatide, in combination with the NRT improved smoking abstinence, reduced craving and withdrawal symptoms, and decreased weight gain among abstainers. Findings suggest that the GLP-1R agonist strategy is worthy of further research in larger, longer duration studies. IMPLICATIONS: Despite considerable progress in tobacco control, cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death. In this pilot study, we showed that extended-release exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, added to the nicotine patch, improved abstinence and mitigated post-cessation body weight gain compared to patch alone. Further research is needed to confirm these initial positive results.